{"id":3000,"date":"2022-06-12T11:25:08","date_gmt":"2022-06-12T10:25:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/patrizia.dev4.de\/?post_type=real_insights&#038;p=3000"},"modified":"2024-05-17T12:52:53","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T10:52:53","slug":"will-there-still-be-cities-at-the-end-of-the-21st-century","status":"publish","type":"real_insights","link":"https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/de\/real_insights\/will-there-still-be-cities-at-the-end-of-the-21st-century\/","title":{"rendered":"Will there still be cities at the end of the 21st century?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lte922ek-825c30a34e9b49ec98a485a08019e655\">\n.avia-section.av-lte922ek-825c30a34e9b49ec98a485a08019e655{\nbackground-repeat:no-repeat;\nbackground-image:url(https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/Berlin-city-map.jpg);\nbackground-position:50% 0%;\nbackground-attachment:scroll;\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-lte922ek-825c30a34e9b49ec98a485a08019e655 header_color avia-section-no-padding avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_codeblock  avia-builder-el-first  avia-full-stretch avia-bg-style-scroll av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-30vw av-height-percent_width  container_wrap fullsize'  data-section-bg-repeat='stretch' data-av_minimum_height_pc='30' data-av_min_height_opt='percent_width'><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-3000'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'><\/div><\/div><\/main><!-- close content main element --><\/div><\/div><div id='after_section_1'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-3000'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lte96203-dc126903d2f00a0bda57a53717261c17 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h1 class=\"ce-news--detail__title\">Will there still be cities at the end of the 21st century?<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ltg6tm67-19714fc5d6a07f501c584b9076755f6f\">\n#top .flex_column.av-ltg6tm67-19714fc5d6a07f501c584b9076755f6f{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.flex_column.av-ltg6tm67-19714fc5d6a07f501c584b9076755f6f{\nwidth:53.2%;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-ltg6tm67-19714fc5d6a07f501c584b9076755f6f{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ltg6tm67-19714fc5d6a07f501c584b9076755f6f av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lwak8tze-ca9e370fc07c830b3e486c5c575e221f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>by Greg Langley<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ltg6xkyg-50f8750a3e1c7fea0ed005dde30a665b\">\n#top .flex_column.av-ltg6xkyg-50f8750a3e1c7fea0ed005dde30a665b{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-ltg6xkyg-50f8750a3e1c7fea0ed005dde30a665b{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ltg6xkyg-50f8750a3e1c7fea0ed005dde30a665b av_one_half  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_three_fourth  first flex_column_div  '     ><\/div><\/p>\n<div class='av-column-wrapper-individual av-mobile-columns-flex av-columns-reverse'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ltg3231x-94aa074a67a0f36a85eda2a8c2305d1c\">\n#top .flex_column.av-ltg3231x-94aa074a67a0f36a85eda2a8c2305d1c{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-ltg3231x-94aa074a67a0f36a85eda2a8c2305d1c{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ltg3231x-94aa074a67a0f36a85eda2a8c2305d1c av_three_fourth  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_fourth  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ltmyvcju-0f172123649d7d3dfa4c6d460b8d4c65\">\n#top .av-post-metadata-container.av-ltmyvcju-0f172123649d7d3dfa4c6d460b8d4c65{\ncolor:#b2b2b2;\nmargin:60px 0 5px 0;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-post-metadata-container av-ltmyvcju-0f172123649d7d3dfa4c6d460b8d4c65 av-metadata-container-align-left  avia-builder-el-8  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first  real_insights-meta2 av-metadata-container-1'><div class='av-post-metadata-container-inner'><span class=\"av-post-metadata-content av-post-metadata-meta-content\"><span class=\"av-post-metadata-content av-post-metadata-published\"><span class=\"av-post-metadata-published-date\" >12. Juni 2022<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ltfowa7i-1bded3df6f5697d50c75d224ae90fcc8 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock ri-teaser'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3>Although historians and archaeologists still argue,\u00a0Uruk is widely considered the oldest city. Located in\u00a0southern Mesopotamia (Iraq) on the Euphrates River,\u00a0Uruk was inhabited between 4500 and 500 BCE.<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ltfovcys-484f772acd58bc3bc2e6a0951ba46225 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>With its rivers, abundant wildlife and grains, the surrounding plains gave rise to a city-state with a complex stratified society and full-time bureaucracy and military. Traders and colonists exported this culture throughout the region, and the arts thrived. Cuneiform writing developed and was used to record the <a href=\"https:\/\/ancient-literature.com\/other_gilgamesh\/\">Epic of Gilgamesh<\/a>, a poem regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature.<\/p>\n<p>It is a long way \u2013 both in distance and time \u2013 from the mudbricks of prosperous Uruk to the skyscrapers of London, the first modern city to have more than a million inhabitants, or Tokyo, which is now the largest with 37 million. But, in a sense, you can trace a straight line to these metropolises because ever since, cities have been central to humankind\u2019s most significant innovations, theories and greatest triumphs.<\/p>\n<p>Today, 56% of the world\u2019s 7.9 billion people live in cities. Three million more migrate every week, attracted by the employment, educational and social interaction opportunities cities offer. By 2050, when the global population is expected to be 9.9 billion, more than 70% of humanity is likely to live in cities.<\/p>\n<p>There are more than 2100 cities worldwide with more than 250,000 residents. Many, particularly in Africa and Asia, are experiencing hyper-urbanisation that is stretching existing infrastructure. This creates fragile environments where the imbalance between expectations and reality created by social inequality, pollution, crime and violence is causing the social contract to break down.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ltfp5x23-57a1f9d161345c95e1344345e05bbfe4\">\n#top .flex_column.av-ltfp5x23-57a1f9d161345c95e1344345e05bbfe4{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-ltfp5x23-57a1f9d161345c95e1344345e05bbfe4{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ltfp5x23-57a1f9d161345c95e1344345e05bbfe4 av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_three_fourth  el_before_av_one_half  ri-inhaltsverzeichnis flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p><div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-12  el_before_av_social_share  avia-builder-el-first '><div id=\"avia_auto_toc-2\" class=\"widget clearfix avia-widget-container avia_auto_toc avia_no_block_preview\"><div class=\"avia-preview-headline\">NeoDesign Table of Contents<\/div><div class=\"avia-preview-info\">Titel: Inhaltsverzeichnis:<\/div><div class=\"avia-preview-in-front\">Table can only be rendered in frontend.<\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='av-social-sharing-box av-ltegg3rr-c727199f5d672709402708ebfbb4e7e0 av-social-sharing-box-default  avia-builder-el-13  el_after_av_sidebar  avia-builder-el-last  av-social-sharing-box-fullwidth'><div class=\"av-share-box\"><h5 class='av-share-link-description av-no-toc '>Insight teilen<\/h5><ul class=\"av-share-box-list noLightbox\"><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-square-x-twitter avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on X\" href='https:\/\/twitter.com\/share?text=Will%20there%20still%20be%20cities%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%2021st%20century%3F&#038;url=https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/de\/?p=3000' data-av_icon='\ue933' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on X'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on X<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-linkedin avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Teilen auf LinkedIn\" href='https:\/\/linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&#038;title=Will%20there%20still%20be%20cities%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%2021st%20century%3F&#038;url=https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/de\/real_insights\/will-there-still-be-cities-at-the-end-of-the-21st-century\/' data-av_icon='\ue8fc' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Teilen auf LinkedIn'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Teilen auf LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-mail avia_social_iconfont' ><a  aria-label=\"Per E-Mail teilen\" href='mailto:?subject=Will%20there%20still%20be%20cities%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%2021st%20century%3F&#038;body=https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/de\/real_insights\/will-there-still-be-cities-at-the-end-of-the-21st-century\/' data-av_icon='\ue805' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Per E-Mail teilen'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Per E-Mail teilen<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/p><\/div><\/div><!--close flex column wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ltfmn3p6-bc38df03cc300dbbf4d23a4f1c87b7ff\">\n#top .flex_column.av-ltfmn3p6-bc38df03cc300dbbf4d23a4f1c87b7ff{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-ltfmn3p6-bc38df03cc300dbbf4d23a4f1c87b7ff{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ltfmn3p6-bc38df03cc300dbbf4d23a4f1c87b7ff av_one_half  avia-builder-el-14  el_after_av_one_fourth  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-ltfntrfd-6fe44dd61a46edef4d9797f8645b4ea6 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-3010\" src=\"https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/crowded-city-1030x440.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1030\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/crowded-city-1030x440.jpeg 1030w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/crowded-city-300x128.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/crowded-city-768x328.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/crowded-city-1536x656.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/crowded-city-2048x875.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/crowded-city-705x301.jpeg 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-67a9bc-940ff3f83838fbbd2388513309593ace\">\n#top .flex_column.av-67a9bc-940ff3f83838fbbd2388513309593ace{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-67a9bc-940ff3f83838fbbd2388513309593ace{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-67a9bc-940ff3f83838fbbd2388513309593ace av_one_half  avia-builder-el-16  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_textblock  flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-4x8do8-58053fd7059bd7edb2b01bdb1d825ed4 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Although Uruk only reached around 60,000 residents at its peak, many of the problems that would have confronted its officials \u2013 overcrowding, environmental degradation, crime, resource scarcity \u2013 still plague cities today.<\/p>\n<p>However, one significant difference is that megacities like Dubai, New York, Hong Kong, Paris and Shanghai are now part of a global economic network. Their size means they have more economic power than many nation-states, and the way these cities confront their challenges can have impacts felt around the world. The success of modern cities in addressing their challenges has far-reaching implications for the future of this<br \/>\nsmall planet.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lu8c05yi-90254b5ed83da7becf7b05b16484aceb '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>\u201cIf we get our cities right,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/en\/robert-muggah\/\">Robert Muggah of the Igarap\u00e9 Institute<\/a>, a Rio-based think tank, and a leading theorist on cities, says, \u201cwe might just survive the 21st century. If we get cities wrong, then we are doomed.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ltfmjzn2-f7a8b16e77786ceea81d52c484061de2\">\n#top .flex_column.av-ltfmjzn2-f7a8b16e77786ceea81d52c484061de2{\nmargin-top:50px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-ltfmjzn2-f7a8b16e77786ceea81d52c484061de2{\nmargin-top:50px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ltfmjzn2-f7a8b16e77786ceea81d52c484061de2 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-19  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_two_third  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-i1qe5p-d417408c83de0c4af5c879114ac699bb '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2><strong>Challenges facing European cities<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>No two cities are the same, so each city has its own unique set of problems stemming from history, geography and social construction. Yet, there are challenges common to all. Here are some of the most significant confronting European cities:<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-aqelmw-0ed88d0b25b774f19a0935783ce287a6\">\n#top .flex_column.av-aqelmw-0ed88d0b25b774f19a0935783ce287a6{\nmargin-top:20px;\nmargin-bottom:20px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-aqelmw-0ed88d0b25b774f19a0935783ce287a6{\nmargin-top:20px;\nmargin-bottom:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-aqelmw-0ed88d0b25b774f19a0935783ce287a6 av_two_third  avia-builder-el-21  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_third  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lu8c6kj8-0b04a5952f13a7f2cbff881417f8f5b1 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2><strong>1. Environmental threats<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Uruk is a testament to the impact cities have on their environment. The ruins of the first city are found in a desert once known as the Fertile Crescent. According to <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0244871\">a recent study<\/a>, exposure to a combination of climate change and overpopulation destroyed many cities in the region 4000 years ago. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.durham.ac.uk\/staff\/dan-lawrence\/\">Dan Lawrence from Durham University<\/a>, says, \u201cClimate might have pushed them over the cliff, but they were already teetering on the edge \u2026 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.guardianmag.press\/2021\/10\/worlds-first-cities-collapsed-due-to.html\/\">they were unsustainable in their own right<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Today, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/2022\/02\/28\/pr-wgii-ar6\/\">the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)<\/a> continually warns about the existential threat of climate change. Cities only take up 3% of the global surface area but account for 75% of the energy consumption and 80% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. GHGs drive the climate chaos causing more frequent and extreme weather events that devastate cities, leaving financial losses and deaths.<\/p>\n<p>Europe is not immune to extreme weather, as the catastrophic floods of 2021 highlight. Making cities more resilient to environmental threats is one of the biggest challenges. The other is reducing the emission of GHGs causing climate disaster.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ltfmkbpj-1cf91bf8105edf7dee7b3c52fa043ea7\">\n#top .flex_column.av-ltfmkbpj-1cf91bf8105edf7dee7b3c52fa043ea7{\nmargin-top:20px;\nmargin-bottom:20px;\n}\n.flex_column.av-ltfmkbpj-1cf91bf8105edf7dee7b3c52fa043ea7{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-ltfmkbpj-1cf91bf8105edf7dee7b3c52fa043ea7{\nmargin-top:20px;\nmargin-bottom:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ltfmkbpj-1cf91bf8105edf7dee7b3c52fa043ea7 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-23  el_after_av_two_third  el_before_av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-ltfo72b3-bd57c7446310794bb2607ac804f3868e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-3008\" src=\"https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/flooded-city-1030x686.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1030\" height=\"686\" srcset=\"https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/flooded-city-1030x686.jpeg 1030w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/flooded-city-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/flooded-city-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/flooded-city-1536x1023.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/flooded-city-2048x1364.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/flooded-city-705x470.jpeg 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Europe is not immune to climate change. The July 2021 floods killed at least 243 people in five countries and \u20ac2.55 billion in insured losses. The total damage cost has been estimated at \u20ac10 billion. Image: Adobe Christian<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-9croxk-b7dcd72d8e94dfd0c9cd05903826c349\">\n#top .flex_column.av-9croxk-b7dcd72d8e94dfd0c9cd05903826c349{\nmargin-top:20px;\nmargin-bottom:20px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-9croxk-b7dcd72d8e94dfd0c9cd05903826c349{\nmargin-top:20px;\nmargin-bottom:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-9croxk-b7dcd72d8e94dfd0c9cd05903826c349 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-25  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_one_third  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lu8c87eh-1b3aaf55d0895d0a485847936e7065ea '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2><strong>2. Demography and ageing<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>While city populations are projected to grow across the globe, Europe faces a different challenge. Successful, larger European cities will continue to prosper, but <a href=\"https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/foresight\/topic\/continuing-urbanisation\/developments-and-forecasts-on-continuing-urbanisation_en#:~:text=Urbanisation%20in%20Europe&amp;text=Whereas%20the%20total%20population%20of,population%20between%202015%20and%202050.\">the European Union has estimated populations in over half of European cities will decline<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>This is caused by population ageing. Life expectancy in the EU is projected to be 88.2 years in 2070, while the old age dependency ratio (those aged 65+ compared to those of working age) will rise from 19% to 29%, and people aged 80+ will increase from 5% to 13%.<\/p>\n<p>This means European cities will have to adjust their health care, and public infrastructure, housing, and social policy. The challenge will be exacerbated in countries where the overall population is in decline: Greece, Italy and Portugal, and almost all eastern European countries. This will further strain welfare systems as costs for health care, pensions and social benefits will be shouldered by an ever-decreasing number of younger workers.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lteb137h-cb73bec8d11b15f2877b9120b00225c2\">\n#top .flex_column.av-lteb137h-cb73bec8d11b15f2877b9120b00225c2{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-lteb137h-cb73bec8d11b15f2877b9120b00225c2{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-lteb137h-cb73bec8d11b15f2877b9120b00225c2 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-27  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_two_third  real_insights-zitat first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><div  class='avia-testimonial-wrapper av-lu8ca6gz-7ee8360d5f8701279bad99f6d3b9a0c0 avia-grid-testimonials avia-grid-1-testimonials avia_animate_when_almost_visible av-minimal-grid-style av-boxed-grid-style' >\n<section class=\"avia-testimonial-row\"><div class='avia-testimonial av-lu8ca4m6-85f211019201f867ff2eb6b1f8963639 avia-testimonial-row-1 avia-first-testimonial flex_column no_margin av_one_full'><div class='avia-testimonial_inner'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia-testimonial-content '><div class='avia-testimonial-markup-entry-content'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>&#8222;There is no denying there is an\u00a0affordability problem, but these policies will be self-defeating in\u00a0the longer term even if they provide relief to today\u2019s tenants.\u201c<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"avia-testimonial-meta\"><div class=\"avia-testimonial-arrow-wrap\"><div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class='avia-testimonial-meta-mini'  itemprop=\"author\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Person\" ><strong  class='avia-testimonial-name'  itemprop=\"name\" >Marcus Cieleback<\/strong><span  class='avia-testimonial-subtitle '  itemprop=\"jobTitle\" >Chief Urban Economist, PATRIZIA<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ltfmsk4y-9e390b4f2499ad256d8c2f13cba054d8\">\n#top .flex_column.av-ltfmsk4y-9e390b4f2499ad256d8c2f13cba054d8{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-ltfmsk4y-9e390b4f2499ad256d8c2f13cba054d8{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ltfmsk4y-9e390b4f2499ad256d8c2f13cba054d8 av_two_third  avia-builder-el-29  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_textblock  flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-5mp2l9-9fd8f8265683edde8404df6cd190b477 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2><strong>3. Affordability<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Several of Europe\u2019s most iconic cities have introduced controls to curb spiralling rents. London is considering controls, while Amsterdam now has laws restricting investors from buying newbuilds to rent them out expensively or legislation on short-term rental platforms, like Airbnb.<\/p>\n<p>Housing affordability is a hot-button issue because it hits people where it hurts most \u2013 their wallets. Politicians are responding to voter pressure with policies aimed at dampening rental and price increases. Marcus Cieleback, Chief Urban Economist at PATRIZIA, says, \u201cThere is no denying there is an affordability problem, but these policies will be self-defeating in the longer term even if they provide relief to today\u2019s tenants.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-hg1pp-f4664f2c6e0610d5e65f4f9df66c6bd2 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/citypulse.patrizia.ag\/insights\/priced-out-what-is-affordable-housing\">Priced Out: Europe\u2019s affordability challenge<\/a>, Cieleback explains that rising rents and prices result from urbanisation, a decades-long trend. Given the impact of COVID-19, this will continue. Wages are likely to stagnate, rural migration continue and housing costs climb.<\/p>\n<p>Affordability is causing growing polarisation in European cities, which inclusive and equitable policies can address. Solutions will not be easy. Impact investing, the idea of combining the long-term sustainability of financial performance with greater emphasis on society, and environmental and social values, is gaining traction. It could contribute to addressing affordability along with social housing and upzoning single-family areas to allow a greater density of units.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-7lqj48-840030cae9157f01364d3c65359db666\">\n#top .flex_column.av-7lqj48-840030cae9157f01364d3c65359db666{\nmargin-top:20px;\nmargin-bottom:20px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-7lqj48-840030cae9157f01364d3c65359db666{\nmargin-top:20px;\nmargin-bottom:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-7lqj48-840030cae9157f01364d3c65359db666 av_two_third  avia-builder-el-32  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_one_third  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lu8ciz2v-aaf2b3455eaf6e8b8c8a17c5b94c1f92 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2><strong>4. Mobility<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u201cTwentieth-century urban America didn\u2019t belong to the skyscraper; it belonged to the car,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/glaeser\/home\">Edward L. Glaeser<\/a> wrote in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.de\/-\/en\/Edward-Glaeser\/dp\/0143120549\">Triumph of the City<\/a>. The same can be said of Europe. The fixation with private vehicles powered by internal combustion engines has resulted in environmental pollution, traffic congestion, long commuting times, reduced liveability and issues around human health and personal safety.<\/p>\n<p>Decreasing ownership of private vehicles in favour of efficient and connected public transport and active mobility modes could ease these problems. For example, Copenhagen and Vienna have banned cars on many streets. Barcelona and Paris have replaced car lanes with bicycle lanes. London and Stockholm require drivers entering their city centres to pay a heavy toll charge. Such measures can tilt drivers to environmentally friendly modes of transport, but adequate public transport alternatives need to exist.<\/p>\n<p>The EU notes such policies also need to be backed by legislation and governance measures to ensure new transport modes, such as autonomous electric vehicles, complement rather than compete with public transport.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5tw07c-26a4fb48793a24214910a916c2050505\">\n#top .flex_column.av-5tw07c-26a4fb48793a24214910a916c2050505{\nmargin-top:20px;\nmargin-bottom:20px;\n}\n.flex_column.av-5tw07c-26a4fb48793a24214910a916c2050505{\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-5tw07c-26a4fb48793a24214910a916c2050505{\nmargin-top:20px;\nmargin-bottom:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-5tw07c-26a4fb48793a24214910a916c2050505 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-34  el_after_av_two_third  el_before_av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lu8cjzx6-47a46b958fa37a4bc4d743ec8b26c25d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-3006\" src=\"https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/traffic-1030x687.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1030\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/traffic-1030x687.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/traffic-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/traffic-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/traffic-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/traffic-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/traffic-705x470.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Image: Adobe (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/de\/portfolio\/Canetti?mediatype=photography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Canetti<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-4kk27c-f0d4ce1e9587c68dce2945a46d85077c\">\n#top .flex_column.av-4kk27c-f0d4ce1e9587c68dce2945a46d85077c{\nmargin-top:20px;\nmargin-bottom:20px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-4kk27c-f0d4ce1e9587c68dce2945a46d85077c{\nmargin-top:20px;\nmargin-bottom:20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-4kk27c-f0d4ce1e9587c68dce2945a46d85077c av_one_full  avia-builder-el-36  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_one_third  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lu8clmbz-5af1ccd2c2b2cc0f730f3de44ea53c50 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2><strong>5. Liveability<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Liveability describes the conditions of a decent life for residents of cities. It embraces the health, education, culture, entertainment and security, infrastructure and many other aspects that make cities so attractive. The tension for cities is maintaining and even improving the liveability of their environs to ensure they remain attractive centres of creativity and innovation.<\/p>\n<p>As noted, the challenges city administrators face today do not differ in nature from eras gone by. What has changed is their scale and complexity. If humankind is to surmount the challenges of the 21st century, then the focus will need to be on developing thriving, healthy, liveable cities with low pollution, integrated transport systems and low emissions. This costs money. Many European cities with a shrinking number of residents and declining revenues from local taxation (especially after COVID-19) will struggle to meet the increased demand for social services and income support, let alone more ambitious regeneration plans.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lu8cmria-a429b3367c6a9238a8d23832f142f916\">\n#top .flex_column.av-lu8cmria-a429b3367c6a9238a8d23832f142f916{\nmargin-top:30px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-lu8cmria-a429b3367c6a9238a8d23832f142f916{\nmargin-top:30px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-lu8cmria-a429b3367c6a9238a8d23832f142f916 av_one_third  avia-builder-el-38  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_two_third  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lu8cmee1-22a13cbefa4f53e7018d65c8c03bf83b\">\n.avia-image-container.av-lu8cmee1-22a13cbefa4f53e7018d65c8c03bf83b img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-lu8cmee1-22a13cbefa4f53e7018d65c8c03bf83b .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-lu8cmee1-22a13cbefa4f53e7018d65c8c03bf83b av-styling- avia-align-right  avia-builder-el-39  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-3005 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3005 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/Smart_Harbour-1030x687.jpg\" alt='' title='Smart_Harbour'  height=\"687\" width=\"1030\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/Smart_Harbour-1030x687.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/Smart_Harbour-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/Smart_Harbour-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/Smart_Harbour-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/Smart_Harbour-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/patrizia.haraldo.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/Smart_Harbour-705x470.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-35dfbs-67ead078c1b698fd32b3560762027cd4\">\n#top .flex_column.av-35dfbs-67ead078c1b698fd32b3560762027cd4{\nmargin-top:30px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-35dfbs-67ead078c1b698fd32b3560762027cd4{\nmargin-top:30px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-35dfbs-67ead078c1b698fd32b3560762027cd4 av_two_third  avia-builder-el-40  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lu8cnxq3-d44862ccbfa3855877d2ab59cb133270 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2><strong>6. Infrastructure<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Cities need resources such as water and energy to be viable. Delivering these requires infrastructure, along with the airports, harbours, roads and transport systems that are essential for a modern city to function and be integrated into the world. Cities face the dual challenge of maintaining existing infrastructure, some of which can be more than a century old, while grafting on new infrastructure.<\/p>\n<p>In recent years, \u2018smart technology\u2019 has been hyped as a solution to many of the infrastructure problems that beset cities. Such technology will be increasingly used in the development and running of cities of the future. However, it can create new problems, for example, around privacy or excluding city residents who cannot afford the technology or lack the capability required for its adoption. This could create a new form of social divide rooted in the technological.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smart-future.net\/norbert-streitz\/\">Norbert Streitz<\/a>, a noted German scientist and strategic advisor, has commented that, \u201cSmartness is not a goal in itself, but rather the creation of a humane city, a sociable city and cooperative city that engages citizens in an urban community.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-ltmyue6h-a5793e9c3f9b78be021854e0bb5231b9\">\n#top .hr.av-ltmyue6h-a5793e9c3f9b78be021854e0bb5231b9{\nmargin-top:30px;\nmargin-bottom:30px;\n}\n.hr.av-ltmyue6h-a5793e9c3f9b78be021854e0bb5231b9 .hr-inner{\nwidth:100%;\nborder-color:#000000;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-ltmyue6h-a5793e9c3f9b78be021854e0bb5231b9 hr-custom  avia-builder-el-42  el_after_av_two_third  avia-builder-el-last  hr-center hr-icon-no'><span class='hr-inner inner-border-av-border-thin'><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Lesedauer<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 17<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">Minuten<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":3012,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[57,33],"tags":[94,99,106,83,112,98,111,93],"ri-category":[],"coauthors":[150],"class_list":["post-3000","real_insights","type-real_insights","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-making-an-impact","category-real_insights","tag-affordability","tag-estatements","tag-infrastructure","tag-living-cities","tag-marcus-cieleback","tag-responsible-investing","tag-smart-cities","tag-urbanisation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Will there still be cities at the end of the 21st century? 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